95 Theses
Who?- Martin Luther
When?- 1517
Where?- Wittenberg (Present Day Germany then Holy Roman Empire- Saxony)
Least you need to know- Luther attempts to start a debate about the practice of Indulgences by hammering a list of 95 claims/ problems about them to the door of the church in Wittenberg. This sparks the Protestant Reformation largely due to the Printing Press. Catholic Church views him as a heretic- he is told to recant and will not.
Letter to the Archbishop of Mainz, 1517
Who?- Martin Luther
When?- 1517
Where?- Mainz (Holy Roman Empire/ Germany)
Least you need to know- Luther writes to the Archbishop of Mainz (who also holds many other titles) and explains his complaints about church actions. Shows he is looked for reform and really concerned about indulgences, not a complete revolution.
Acts of the Council of Trent
Who?- Catholic Church
When?- 1545-1563
Where?- Trent
Least you need to know- Catholic churches response to the Protestant Reformation. Will address some issues such as indulgences and training of priests and holding multiple offices. However they do not address Luther's complainants about biblical interpretation and actions of people to interpret the bible themselves. Will be effective in getting people to convert back. Establishes the Jesuits.
Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola
Who?- Ignatius of Loyola- Leader of Jesuits
When?- ~ to Council of Trent
Where?- World wide
Least you need to know- Rules of the Jesuits. Will end up being the foot soldiers of the Catholic church and will embark on missionary work around the world as well as an emphasis on education. Very influential group.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Who?- John Calvin
When?- 1536
Where?- Switzerland then eventually all over Europe
Least you need to know- John Calvin's work to lay out his beliefs such as TULIP, predestination, simplicity etc.
Defense of the Seven Sacraments
Who?- Henry VIII
When?- 1521
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Henry arguing against Martin Luther. Ends up being award Defender of the Faith by the pope due to this however it appears that this was largely a politically motivated because of the level of Papal power at the time. His feelings will shift in 13 years.
Act of Supremacy
Who?- Parliament and Henry VIII
When? 1534
Where?- England/ London
Least you need to know- Parliament and the King agree that the Monarch of England will be the Head of the church of England. This is the official break from the Catholic Church and Rome during the Anglican reformation. Largely politically and economically motivated so England could take church owned land in England. For Henry this allows his divorce and is not doctrinal in nature.
The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
Who?- John Knox
When?- 1558
Where?- Scotland
Least you need to know- John Knox reaction to the rule of Mary Tudor in Scotland. Mary was to recatholicize England and Knox is the leader of the Presbyterian church. Sees her have 300 protestants killed and argues that women are unfit for leading a monarchy.
Acts Against Jesuits and Seminarists
Who?- Elizabeth I
When?- 1585
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Largely Political. Elizabeth has been declared an illegitimate ruler by the Pope. Also in a struggle with Spain who is SUPER Catholic. Reacts by kicking Jesuits out of England and declaring anyone who does not agree to be of high treason. Start of more aggression against Spain that will end with defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588.
Edict of Nantes
Who?- Henry IV
When?- 1598
Where?- France (Paris)
Least you need to know- Ends French Wars of Religion, allows moderate Religious toleration for Huguenots within France. Shows that political power is more important than religion now. Will eventually be revoked by Louis XIV.
Peace of Westphalia
Who?- 30 Years War
When?- 1648
Where?- Westphalia (Germany...)
Least you need to know- ends the 30 years war. No real clear victor per say. Choice to stop fighting and will allow Calvinism to exist in addition to Lutheranism and Catholicism.
Who?- Martin Luther
When?- 1517
Where?- Wittenberg (Present Day Germany then Holy Roman Empire- Saxony)
Least you need to know- Luther attempts to start a debate about the practice of Indulgences by hammering a list of 95 claims/ problems about them to the door of the church in Wittenberg. This sparks the Protestant Reformation largely due to the Printing Press. Catholic Church views him as a heretic- he is told to recant and will not.
Letter to the Archbishop of Mainz, 1517
Who?- Martin Luther
When?- 1517
Where?- Mainz (Holy Roman Empire/ Germany)
Least you need to know- Luther writes to the Archbishop of Mainz (who also holds many other titles) and explains his complaints about church actions. Shows he is looked for reform and really concerned about indulgences, not a complete revolution.
Acts of the Council of Trent
Who?- Catholic Church
When?- 1545-1563
Where?- Trent
Least you need to know- Catholic churches response to the Protestant Reformation. Will address some issues such as indulgences and training of priests and holding multiple offices. However they do not address Luther's complainants about biblical interpretation and actions of people to interpret the bible themselves. Will be effective in getting people to convert back. Establishes the Jesuits.
Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola
Who?- Ignatius of Loyola- Leader of Jesuits
When?- ~ to Council of Trent
Where?- World wide
Least you need to know- Rules of the Jesuits. Will end up being the foot soldiers of the Catholic church and will embark on missionary work around the world as well as an emphasis on education. Very influential group.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Who?- John Calvin
When?- 1536
Where?- Switzerland then eventually all over Europe
Least you need to know- John Calvin's work to lay out his beliefs such as TULIP, predestination, simplicity etc.
Defense of the Seven Sacraments
Who?- Henry VIII
When?- 1521
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Henry arguing against Martin Luther. Ends up being award Defender of the Faith by the pope due to this however it appears that this was largely a politically motivated because of the level of Papal power at the time. His feelings will shift in 13 years.
Act of Supremacy
Who?- Parliament and Henry VIII
When? 1534
Where?- England/ London
Least you need to know- Parliament and the King agree that the Monarch of England will be the Head of the church of England. This is the official break from the Catholic Church and Rome during the Anglican reformation. Largely politically and economically motivated so England could take church owned land in England. For Henry this allows his divorce and is not doctrinal in nature.
The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
Who?- John Knox
When?- 1558
Where?- Scotland
Least you need to know- John Knox reaction to the rule of Mary Tudor in Scotland. Mary was to recatholicize England and Knox is the leader of the Presbyterian church. Sees her have 300 protestants killed and argues that women are unfit for leading a monarchy.
Acts Against Jesuits and Seminarists
Who?- Elizabeth I
When?- 1585
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Largely Political. Elizabeth has been declared an illegitimate ruler by the Pope. Also in a struggle with Spain who is SUPER Catholic. Reacts by kicking Jesuits out of England and declaring anyone who does not agree to be of high treason. Start of more aggression against Spain that will end with defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588.
Edict of Nantes
Who?- Henry IV
When?- 1598
Where?- France (Paris)
Least you need to know- Ends French Wars of Religion, allows moderate Religious toleration for Huguenots within France. Shows that political power is more important than religion now. Will eventually be revoked by Louis XIV.
Peace of Westphalia
Who?- 30 Years War
When?- 1648
Where?- Westphalia (Germany...)
Least you need to know- ends the 30 years war. No real clear victor per say. Choice to stop fighting and will allow Calvinism to exist in addition to Lutheranism and Catholicism.
1494- Columbus Letter to King Ferdinand and Isabella
Who?- Columbus to the King and Queen of Spain
When?- 1494
Where?- From Hispaniola to Spain
Least you need to know- Columbus is writing about the potential of the newly "discovered" American continent. Comments on how the people would make good servants, listen well and would make good servants of Christ. Also mentions ideas of colonization and governments centered around finding gold and riches back to Spain.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Who?- The Pope, Spain and Portugal
When? 1494
Where? The entire globe/ new world
Least you need to know-The pope divides the world between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. The Spanish get the majority of the "New World" with the exception of Brazil. The portuguese will get the majority of access to Africa and India. This will set the influence of colonial expanison for the next two hundred years.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Who?- Spanish Priest
When?- 1540's
Where?- Americas
Least you need to know-Openly criticized the Spanish colonial practices- specifically the treatment of natives and the encomienda system.
Who?- Columbus to the King and Queen of Spain
When?- 1494
Where?- From Hispaniola to Spain
Least you need to know- Columbus is writing about the potential of the newly "discovered" American continent. Comments on how the people would make good servants, listen well and would make good servants of Christ. Also mentions ideas of colonization and governments centered around finding gold and riches back to Spain.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Who?- The Pope, Spain and Portugal
When? 1494
Where? The entire globe/ new world
Least you need to know-The pope divides the world between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. The Spanish get the majority of the "New World" with the exception of Brazil. The portuguese will get the majority of access to Africa and India. This will set the influence of colonial expanison for the next two hundred years.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Who?- Spanish Priest
When?- 1540's
Where?- Americas
Least you need to know-Openly criticized the Spanish colonial practices- specifically the treatment of natives and the encomienda system.
In Praise of Folly
Who?- Erasmus
When?- 1509
Where?- Low Countries
Least you need to know- Erasmus is writing to his friend Thomas More criticizing the Catholic church. Explaining how hypocritical and backward many of their practices are. Reflective of the Northern Renaissance as it shows Christian Humanism, Individualism and attempting to use the classics to improve everyday life. Its said that he laid the egg that Martin Luther Hatched.
Utopia
Who?- Sir Thomas Moore
When?- 1516
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Writing about an imaginary society that is not possible. Also seen as a criticism to the Catholic Church showing that what they are claiming is not actually the ideal situation. Additionally this highlights the role of humanism for how it should influence rulers. Meant to be a satire to show that this is not actually practical. Northern Renaissance ideas that show how to improve everyday society using Humanism.
The Prince
Who?- Machiavelli
When?- 1512
Where?- Florence (Italy)
Least you need to know- Probably taken out of context and further than Machiavelli would have liked. An essay written outside Florence that becomes the handbook for absolutism. Writes that it is good to be both loved/ respected and feared, but if a ruler has to choose, they should choose to be feared. This is written in the backdrop of the chaos of Italian City States during the Renaissance. This is largely written for the desire to have stability.
The Book of the Courtier
Who?- Castiglione
When?- 1528
Where?- Italy
Least you need to know- High Italian Renaissance piece writing about the qualities of an ideal "courtier." Also known as, what should a person or (Renaissance Man) be able to do in court or in the presence of a king/ ruler. This is specific for how you should carry yourself near nobility- not written for the merchant or craftspeople. Stresses well roundedness, humanism, knowledge etc. Very Italian Renaissance.
School of Athens
Who?- Raphael
When?- 1509-1511
Where?- Vatican
Least You need to know- Classic example of Renaissance art. Painted during the high renaissance and commissioned by the Catholic church, this paint truly embraces knowledge and humanism and is VERY representative of the Renaissance. The idea of painting Greek and Roman Scholars into a painting and celebrating human discourse is a transformation for the subject matter of artwork during the High Renaissance. Very Vivid and colorful, lots of perspective.
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Who?- Michelangelo
When?- 1508-1512
Where?- Sistine Chapel...Vatican...
Least you need to know- Painted over several years, this High Renaissance piece is very vivid, colorful and displays many stories from the bible. Used to show the magnificence of God to an illiterate populace, this painting helped to glorify the Catholic Church. The depiction of the human form is very emblematic of the Renaissance. Also it is significant to note the reinterpretation of a bible story by a Renaissance artist. Going back to the Classics
Birth of Venus
Who?- Botticelli
When?- 1485-1486
Where?- Florence
Least you need to know- High Renaissance piece showing a flashback to the Greek and mythological stories of Venus. Has the classic Italian Renaissance vivid imaginary and nudity. Significant to note that it is not a religious subject matter!
The Geographer
Who?- Vermeer
When?- 1668-1669
Where?- Netherlands
Least you need to know- Late northern Renaissance work. Shows an appreciation for new knowledge. The inclusion of the map (cartography), Globe and compass show the Dutch celebration of Geography as they are at the height of their commercial empire.
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Who?- Jacob Burckhardt
When?- 1860
Where- Switzerland
Least you need to know- Secondary source. First to claim that the Renaissance was a distinct period in history. Claimed that the thinking an emphasis on the individual was totally unique from the Medieval period and thus the idea of the Renaissance as a historical period was born. This would go unchallenged until the early 20th century.
The Myth of the Renaissance
Who?- Peter Burke
When? - 1987
Where?-
Least you need to know- Writing claiming that Burckhardt's theory is wrong and that many noteworthy Renaissance scholars are actually just Medieval. Writing claims that it would be more accurate to claim that there were several Renaissances rather than one distinct period of history.
Who?- Erasmus
When?- 1509
Where?- Low Countries
Least you need to know- Erasmus is writing to his friend Thomas More criticizing the Catholic church. Explaining how hypocritical and backward many of their practices are. Reflective of the Northern Renaissance as it shows Christian Humanism, Individualism and attempting to use the classics to improve everyday life. Its said that he laid the egg that Martin Luther Hatched.
Utopia
Who?- Sir Thomas Moore
When?- 1516
Where?- England
Least you need to know- Writing about an imaginary society that is not possible. Also seen as a criticism to the Catholic Church showing that what they are claiming is not actually the ideal situation. Additionally this highlights the role of humanism for how it should influence rulers. Meant to be a satire to show that this is not actually practical. Northern Renaissance ideas that show how to improve everyday society using Humanism.
The Prince
Who?- Machiavelli
When?- 1512
Where?- Florence (Italy)
Least you need to know- Probably taken out of context and further than Machiavelli would have liked. An essay written outside Florence that becomes the handbook for absolutism. Writes that it is good to be both loved/ respected and feared, but if a ruler has to choose, they should choose to be feared. This is written in the backdrop of the chaos of Italian City States during the Renaissance. This is largely written for the desire to have stability.
The Book of the Courtier
Who?- Castiglione
When?- 1528
Where?- Italy
Least you need to know- High Italian Renaissance piece writing about the qualities of an ideal "courtier." Also known as, what should a person or (Renaissance Man) be able to do in court or in the presence of a king/ ruler. This is specific for how you should carry yourself near nobility- not written for the merchant or craftspeople. Stresses well roundedness, humanism, knowledge etc. Very Italian Renaissance.
School of Athens
Who?- Raphael
When?- 1509-1511
Where?- Vatican
Least You need to know- Classic example of Renaissance art. Painted during the high renaissance and commissioned by the Catholic church, this paint truly embraces knowledge and humanism and is VERY representative of the Renaissance. The idea of painting Greek and Roman Scholars into a painting and celebrating human discourse is a transformation for the subject matter of artwork during the High Renaissance. Very Vivid and colorful, lots of perspective.
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Who?- Michelangelo
When?- 1508-1512
Where?- Sistine Chapel...Vatican...
Least you need to know- Painted over several years, this High Renaissance piece is very vivid, colorful and displays many stories from the bible. Used to show the magnificence of God to an illiterate populace, this painting helped to glorify the Catholic Church. The depiction of the human form is very emblematic of the Renaissance. Also it is significant to note the reinterpretation of a bible story by a Renaissance artist. Going back to the Classics
Birth of Venus
Who?- Botticelli
When?- 1485-1486
Where?- Florence
Least you need to know- High Renaissance piece showing a flashback to the Greek and mythological stories of Venus. Has the classic Italian Renaissance vivid imaginary and nudity. Significant to note that it is not a religious subject matter!
The Geographer
Who?- Vermeer
When?- 1668-1669
Where?- Netherlands
Least you need to know- Late northern Renaissance work. Shows an appreciation for new knowledge. The inclusion of the map (cartography), Globe and compass show the Dutch celebration of Geography as they are at the height of their commercial empire.
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Who?- Jacob Burckhardt
When?- 1860
Where- Switzerland
Least you need to know- Secondary source. First to claim that the Renaissance was a distinct period in history. Claimed that the thinking an emphasis on the individual was totally unique from the Medieval period and thus the idea of the Renaissance as a historical period was born. This would go unchallenged until the early 20th century.
The Myth of the Renaissance
Who?- Peter Burke
When? - 1987
Where?-
Least you need to know- Writing claiming that Burckhardt's theory is wrong and that many noteworthy Renaissance scholars are actually just Medieval. Writing claims that it would be more accurate to claim that there were several Renaissances rather than one distinct period of history.